Romania Recognises Three Classes of Foreign Licence, and Everyone Else Needs an International Permit
Answer
The general rule applies to you
No exception is recorded for citizens of Iceland on this topic. That is the answer, not a gap - everything below is the rule you get, unchanged.
195 exceptions recorded across 74 countries · none match Iceland to Romania · Driving and licence exchange
Article 83 of Emergency Ordinance 195/2002 sorts foreign licences into three classes that may be driven on in Romania as they are: those issued by parties to the Convention on Road Traffic, those issued by European Union member states, and those issued by states with which Romania has a reciprocal recognition treaty. A licence from anywhere else is not enough on its own - its holder must also carry an international driving permit - with one exception the Ordinance writes in itself: for a period set by Government decision on a reciprocity basis, such a holder may drive on the national licence provided they also carry the valid passport of the state that issued it. Exchange into a Romanian licence is open to the same three classes plus states Romania recognises unilaterally, for people who are domiciled or resident in Romania, and the Ordinance defines that for this purpose as living there at least 185 days in a calendar year. The conditions of exchange are not in the Ordinance and not in the Regulation: article 83(3) hands them to an order of the Minister of Internal Affairs, which is Order 163/2011.
At a glance
- Whose licence may be driven on without anything more
- Licences from parties to the Convention on Road Traffic, from EU member states, and from states with a reciprocal recognition treaty with Romania
Article 83(1), three lettered classes. It is conditional on articles 20 and 23(1), which carry the age and medical conditions.
- What everyone else needs
- An international driving permit, carried in addition to the national licence
Article 83(2).
- The exception to that
- A national licence alone, for a limited period, if the holder also carries the valid passport of the issuing state
Article 83(2^1), added by Ordinance 1 of 28 January 2025. The periods and the states are set by Government decision on a reciprocity basis, and no such decision was read here, so how long the period is is not stated by this record.
- Who may exchange a foreign licence for a Romanian one
- Holders of licences from the authorities at article 83(1), and from states Romania recognises unilaterally, who are domiciled or resident in Romania
Article 83(3). The conditions are set by order of the Minister of Internal Affairs, published in the Official Gazette.
- What counts as resident for this
- Living in Romania at least 185 days in a calendar year
Article 23^1(2)(a), for the purposes of driving licence procedures, where the stay is explained by personal and professional ties or by personal ties alone. Paragraphs b) and c) cover people who live alternately in two states.
- Which instrument sets the conditions of exchange
- Order of the Minister of Administration and Internal Affairs no. 163/2011
Named by the licensing authority, with its Official Gazette citation: Partea I, Nr. 578/16.VIII.2011. The Order itself was not read - the portal that publishes it does not answer this project - so what its annexes 1, 2 and 3 list is not stated here.
- What cannot be exchanged at all
- International permits, expired licences except those from member states, licences annulled or restricted or suspended elsewhere, and provisional, temporary or learner licences
Listed by the licensing authority on its own exchange page.
- Whether the authority checks with the issuing state
- Yes - by correspondence with the issuing authority or through that state's diplomatic mission in Romania
The authority states this as an obligation on the local public service, not as a discretion.
- What a holder of a United Kingdom licence must add
- A driving record from the British platform, translated, plus a single-use check code valid 21 days
One of nine states for which the authority publishes a particular route; the others named are Israel, South Africa, China, the United States, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Moldova and Switzerland.
- How fresh the proof of validity must be
- Issued no more than 60 days before the exchange application
Stated by the authority for the particular cases.
What applies to you
Nothing changes for a citizen of Iceland
We have no rule recorded that treats your citizenship differently here, so the general rule above is the one that applies to you. That is an answer, not a gap.
What the law says
«Articolul 83 (1) Au dreptul să conducă autovehicule pe drumurile publice din România, dacă îndeplinesc condițiile prevăzute la art. 20 și art. 23 alin. (1) , titularii permiselor de conducere naționale valabile, eliberate de autoritățile:»The three lettered classes follow this sentence in the publisher's own layout. Read from an Internet Archive capture, because legislatie.just.ro returns an empty reply to every route tried from here, a real browser included.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The Ministry of Justice's legislative portal at legislatie.just.ro, and the publisher of record for consolidated Romanian law. Every act has a document id and is addressed as /Public/DetaliiDocument/<id>; the page carries the republication history, the full consolidation history as a list of dates, the amendment annotations inline in the article text, and a Fişă act panel listing what the act changed and what changed it. Romanian statutes are republished rather than re-enacted, so the page states which republication the text is - Law 21/1991 is Republication 2, from Monitorul Oficial no. 576 of 13 August 2010 - and the consolidation list runs forward from there.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: **It could not be reached at all.** From this infrastructure a direct request completes the TLS handshake and the server then closes the connection with no reply, over HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 alike, with browser headers and without, at several TLS versions; Firecrawl answers 500; a browser-based fetch hangs up. Every reading attributed to this publisher here was taken from an Internet Archive capture of its page, and the citation url is the archive address rather than the publisher's. That is not a substitute: the archive's captures are inconsistent in a way the publisher's own pages presumably are not. The captures of Law 21/1991 and Law 95/2006 carry the whole text; every capture of Government Decision 1,391/2006 is a thirteen-kilobyte shell with the consolidation history and no article text at all, which is why Romania's driving licence topic is unanswered. The consolidations are also not official in their own right: the legal force is in the Monitorul Oficial issue, and the consolidation engine behind this portal is the same CTCE company whose disclaimer appears on the files the immigration authority publishes. A reading from an archive capture carries two dates that must not be confused - the capture date, which is when we read it, and the consolidation date at the head of the history list, which is what the text is current to.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«Pentru a conduce un autovehicul pe teritoriul României, persoanele care sunt titulare ale unui permis de conducere național eliberat de autoritățile unui stat care nu este membru al Convenției asupra circulației rutiere și nici membru al Uniunii Europene ori cu care România nu a încheiat un tratat privind recunoașterea reciproca a permiselor de conducere auto trebuie să posede și permis de conducere internațional.»About this source
The Ministry of Justice's legislative portal at legislatie.just.ro, and the publisher of record for consolidated Romanian law. Every act has a document id and is addressed as /Public/DetaliiDocument/<id>; the page carries the republication history, the full consolidation history as a list of dates, the amendment annotations inline in the article text, and a Fişă act panel listing what the act changed and what changed it. Romanian statutes are republished rather than re-enacted, so the page states which republication the text is - Law 21/1991 is Republication 2, from Monitorul Oficial no. 576 of 13 August 2010 - and the consolidation list runs forward from there.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: **It could not be reached at all.** From this infrastructure a direct request completes the TLS handshake and the server then closes the connection with no reply, over HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 alike, with browser headers and without, at several TLS versions; Firecrawl answers 500; a browser-based fetch hangs up. Every reading attributed to this publisher here was taken from an Internet Archive capture of its page, and the citation url is the archive address rather than the publisher's. That is not a substitute: the archive's captures are inconsistent in a way the publisher's own pages presumably are not. The captures of Law 21/1991 and Law 95/2006 carry the whole text; every capture of Government Decision 1,391/2006 is a thirteen-kilobyte shell with the consolidation history and no article text at all, which is why Romania's driving licence topic is unanswered. The consolidations are also not official in their own right: the legal force is in the Monitorul Oficial issue, and the consolidation engine behind this portal is the same CTCE company whose disclaimer appears on the files the immigration authority publishes. A reading from an archive capture carries two dates that must not be confused - the capture date, which is when we read it, and the consolidation date at the head of the history list, which is what the text is current to.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«Prin excepție de la prevederile alin. (2) referitoare la obligația de a poseda și un permis de conducere internațional, pot conduce pe teritoriul României, pe o perioadă determinată, titularii permiselor de conducere naționale eliberate de autoritățile altor state decât cele prevăzute la alin. (1) , dacă posedă asupra lor și pașaportul valabil emis de acest stat.»Added by Ordinance 1 of 28 January 2025, in force from 1 February 2025, as the publisher's own amendment note under the article states.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The Ministry of Justice's legislative portal at legislatie.just.ro, and the publisher of record for consolidated Romanian law. Every act has a document id and is addressed as /Public/DetaliiDocument/<id>; the page carries the republication history, the full consolidation history as a list of dates, the amendment annotations inline in the article text, and a Fişă act panel listing what the act changed and what changed it. Romanian statutes are republished rather than re-enacted, so the page states which republication the text is - Law 21/1991 is Republication 2, from Monitorul Oficial no. 576 of 13 August 2010 - and the consolidation list runs forward from there.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: **It could not be reached at all.** From this infrastructure a direct request completes the TLS handshake and the server then closes the connection with no reply, over HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 alike, with browser headers and without, at several TLS versions; Firecrawl answers 500; a browser-based fetch hangs up. Every reading attributed to this publisher here was taken from an Internet Archive capture of its page, and the citation url is the archive address rather than the publisher's. That is not a substitute: the archive's captures are inconsistent in a way the publisher's own pages presumably are not. The captures of Law 21/1991 and Law 95/2006 carry the whole text; every capture of Government Decision 1,391/2006 is a thirteen-kilobyte shell with the consolidation history and no article text at all, which is why Romania's driving licence topic is unanswered. The consolidations are also not official in their own right: the legal force is in the Monitorul Oficial issue, and the consolidation engine behind this portal is the same CTCE company whose disclaimer appears on the files the immigration authority publishes. A reading from an archive capture carries two dates that must not be confused - the capture date, which is when we read it, and the consolidation date at the head of the history list, which is what the text is current to.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«pot fi preschimbate cu documente similare românești, în condițiile stabilite prin ordin al ministrului afacerilor interne, care se publică în Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I.»The sentence that sends the whole regime to a ministerial Order. It is why the Regulation approved by Government Decision 1,391/2006 is not where the exchange conditions are.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The Ministry of Justice's legislative portal at legislatie.just.ro, and the publisher of record for consolidated Romanian law. Every act has a document id and is addressed as /Public/DetaliiDocument/<id>; the page carries the republication history, the full consolidation history as a list of dates, the amendment annotations inline in the article text, and a Fişă act panel listing what the act changed and what changed it. Romanian statutes are republished rather than re-enacted, so the page states which republication the text is - Law 21/1991 is Republication 2, from Monitorul Oficial no. 576 of 13 August 2010 - and the consolidation list runs forward from there.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: **It could not be reached at all.** From this infrastructure a direct request completes the TLS handshake and the server then closes the connection with no reply, over HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 alike, with browser headers and without, at several TLS versions; Firecrawl answers 500; a browser-based fetch hangs up. Every reading attributed to this publisher here was taken from an Internet Archive capture of its page, and the citation url is the archive address rather than the publisher's. That is not a substitute: the archive's captures are inconsistent in a way the publisher's own pages presumably are not. The captures of Law 21/1991 and Law 95/2006 carry the whole text; every capture of Government Decision 1,391/2006 is a thirteen-kilobyte shell with the consolidation history and no article text at all, which is why Romania's driving licence topic is unanswered. The consolidations are also not official in their own right: the legal force is in the Monitorul Oficial issue, and the consolidation engine behind this portal is the same CTCE company whose disclaimer appears on the files the immigration authority publishes. A reading from an archive capture carries two dates that must not be confused - the capture date, which is when we read it, and the consolidation date at the head of the history list, which is what the text is current to.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«locuiesc în mod obișnuit cel puțin 185 de zile într-un an calendaristic la o adresă sau la adrese din România datorită unor legături personale și profesionale ori datorită unor legături personale care relevă legături strânse cu adresa sau adresele din România, dacă persoanele nu au legături profesionale;»The definition is written for driving licence procedures only - the article says so - and does not carry over to residence or tax.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The Ministry of Justice's legislative portal at legislatie.just.ro, and the publisher of record for consolidated Romanian law. Every act has a document id and is addressed as /Public/DetaliiDocument/<id>; the page carries the republication history, the full consolidation history as a list of dates, the amendment annotations inline in the article text, and a Fişă act panel listing what the act changed and what changed it. Romanian statutes are republished rather than re-enacted, so the page states which republication the text is - Law 21/1991 is Republication 2, from Monitorul Oficial no. 576 of 13 August 2010 - and the consolidation list runs forward from there.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: **It could not be reached at all.** From this infrastructure a direct request completes the TLS handshake and the server then closes the connection with no reply, over HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 alike, with browser headers and without, at several TLS versions; Firecrawl answers 500; a browser-based fetch hangs up. Every reading attributed to this publisher here was taken from an Internet Archive capture of its page, and the citation url is the archive address rather than the publisher's. That is not a substitute: the archive's captures are inconsistent in a way the publisher's own pages presumably are not. The captures of Law 21/1991 and Law 95/2006 carry the whole text; every capture of Government Decision 1,391/2006 is a thirteen-kilobyte shell with the consolidation history and no article text at all, which is why Romania's driving licence topic is unanswered. The consolidations are also not official in their own right: the legal force is in the Monitorul Oficial issue, and the consolidation engine behind this portal is the same CTCE company whose disclaimer appears on the files the immigration authority publishes. A reading from an archive capture carries two dates that must not be confused - the capture date, which is when we read it, and the consolidation date at the head of the history list, which is what the text is current to.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«persoanele care au domiciliul sau reședința în România (cel puțin 185 de zile)»The authority restating the statutory condition in its own words, with the number in brackets.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The authority that issues Romanian driving licences and the international driving permit, and the one that decides whether a foreign licence can be exchanged. Its 'Documente și formulare' pages state, operation by operation, what a person must bring, and the page on exchanging a foreign licence goes further than any instrument does: it names the Order that governs the regime, states the residence condition, lists the categories of document that cannot be exchanged at all, and then sets out what the holder of a licence from the United Kingdom, Israel, South Africa, China, the United States, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Moldova or Switzerland must additionally produce, each traced to a communication from that state's embassy. A 'Baza legală' page lists the instruments it works from with links to each.
Standing: Applies the rule
Cannot be cited for: Administrative guidance, not law. It describes what the authority requires at the counter and can be changed without an instrument changing; where it and an instrument differ, the instrument governs and this says so by citing one. The site is an Angular application that serves a shell to a fetcher and renders only in a browser, and nothing in it is addressable except through the application's own routes - the documents are reached by clicking, and a route is not a citation of an article. It carries no text of any Act or Order: the links on 'Baza legală' all point at legislatie.just.ro, which does not answer this project at all. The former address drpciv.ro now redirects here.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«permisele de conducere naţionale străine se preschimbă cu respectarea prevederilor Ordinului ministrului administraţiei şi internelor nr.163/2011 privind preschimbarea permiselor de conducere naționale eliberate de autoritățile competente ale altor state cu documente similare românești»This is how the governing Order was identified. Nothing read for the previous version of this record named it.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The authority that issues Romanian driving licences and the international driving permit, and the one that decides whether a foreign licence can be exchanged. Its 'Documente și formulare' pages state, operation by operation, what a person must bring, and the page on exchanging a foreign licence goes further than any instrument does: it names the Order that governs the regime, states the residence condition, lists the categories of document that cannot be exchanged at all, and then sets out what the holder of a licence from the United Kingdom, Israel, South Africa, China, the United States, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Moldova or Switzerland must additionally produce, each traced to a communication from that state's embassy. A 'Baza legală' page lists the instruments it works from with links to each.
Standing: Applies the rule
Cannot be cited for: Administrative guidance, not law. It describes what the authority requires at the counter and can be changed without an instrument changing; where it and an instrument differ, the instrument governs and this says so by citing one. The site is an Angular application that serves a shell to a fetcher and renders only in a browser, and nothing in it is addressable except through the application's own routes - the documents are reached by clicking, and a route is not a citation of an article. It carries no text of any Act or Order: the links on 'Baza legală' all point at legislatie.just.ro, which does not answer this project at all. The former address drpciv.ro now redirects here.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«Verificarea se efectuează prin corespondenţă cu autoritatea străină emitentă, sau prin intermediul misiunii diplomatice a statului respectiv în România.»About this source
The authority that issues Romanian driving licences and the international driving permit, and the one that decides whether a foreign licence can be exchanged. Its 'Documente și formulare' pages state, operation by operation, what a person must bring, and the page on exchanging a foreign licence goes further than any instrument does: it names the Order that governs the regime, states the residence condition, lists the categories of document that cannot be exchanged at all, and then sets out what the holder of a licence from the United Kingdom, Israel, South Africa, China, the United States, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Moldova or Switzerland must additionally produce, each traced to a communication from that state's embassy. A 'Baza legală' page lists the instruments it works from with links to each.
Standing: Applies the rule
Cannot be cited for: Administrative guidance, not law. It describes what the authority requires at the counter and can be changed without an instrument changing; where it and an instrument differ, the instrument governs and this says so by citing one. The site is an Angular application that serves a shell to a fetcher and renders only in a browser, and nothing in it is addressable except through the application's own routes - the documents are reached by clicking, and a route is not a citation of an article. It carries no text of any Act or Order: the links on 'Baza legală' all point at legislatie.just.ro, which does not answer this project at all. The former address drpciv.ro now redirects here.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«Nu pot fi preschimbate cu documente similare românești , următoarele categorii de documente: · permisele de conducere internaționale; · permisele de conducere a căror valabilitate a expirat, cu excepția celor eliberate de autoritățile statelor membre;»The first two of five bullets. The spacing before the comma is the publisher's own.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The authority that issues Romanian driving licences and the international driving permit, and the one that decides whether a foreign licence can be exchanged. Its 'Documente și formulare' pages state, operation by operation, what a person must bring, and the page on exchanging a foreign licence goes further than any instrument does: it names the Order that governs the regime, states the residence condition, lists the categories of document that cannot be exchanged at all, and then sets out what the holder of a licence from the United Kingdom, Israel, South Africa, China, the United States, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Moldova or Switzerland must additionally produce, each traced to a communication from that state's embassy. A 'Baza legală' page lists the instruments it works from with links to each.
Standing: Applies the rule
Cannot be cited for: Administrative guidance, not law. It describes what the authority requires at the counter and can be changed without an instrument changing; where it and an instrument differ, the instrument governs and this says so by citing one. The site is an Angular application that serves a shell to a fetcher and renders only in a browser, and nothing in it is addressable except through the application's own routes - the documents are reached by clicking, and a route is not a citation of an article. It carries no text of any Act or Order: the links on 'Baza legală' all point at legislatie.just.ro, which does not answer this project at all. The former address drpciv.ro now redirects here.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«trebuie să fi fost emis cu maximum 60 de zile anterior depunerii solicitării de preschimbare la serviciul public comunitar»About this source
The authority that issues Romanian driving licences and the international driving permit, and the one that decides whether a foreign licence can be exchanged. Its 'Documente și formulare' pages state, operation by operation, what a person must bring, and the page on exchanging a foreign licence goes further than any instrument does: it names the Order that governs the regime, states the residence condition, lists the categories of document that cannot be exchanged at all, and then sets out what the holder of a licence from the United Kingdom, Israel, South Africa, China, the United States, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Moldova or Switzerland must additionally produce, each traced to a communication from that state's embassy. A 'Baza legală' page lists the instruments it works from with links to each.
Standing: Applies the rule
Cannot be cited for: Administrative guidance, not law. It describes what the authority requires at the counter and can be changed without an instrument changing; where it and an instrument differ, the instrument governs and this says so by citing one. The site is an Angular application that serves a shell to a fetcher and renders only in a browser, and nothing in it is addressable except through the application's own routes - the documents are reached by clicking, and a route is not a citation of an article. It carries no text of any Act or Order: the links on 'Baza legală' all point at legislatie.just.ro, which does not answer this project at all. The former address drpciv.ro now redirects here.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
Practical notes
Three instruments stand between a foreign licence and a Romanian one, and only the first was read: the Ordinance sets the classes, Order 163/2011 sets the conditions and carries the annexes that name which states fall in which class, and the authority's page describes the counter. The annexes are the decisive document for any particular nationality and they are not quoted here.
The authority's page is guidance and the Ordinance is law. Where a reader finds them differing, the Ordinance governs - and the page itself cites the Ordinance rather than standing on its own.
Article 83(2^1) is the trap for a new arrival. It reads like permission to keep driving on a licence from outside the three classes, and it is, but only for a period fixed by a Government decision that this record has not read and that applies only where the other state reciprocates.
- consolidatesOrdonanța de urgență nr. 195/2002 privind circulația pe drumurile publice, republicată, formă consolidată, Portal Legislativ, Internet Archive capture of 6 March 2026
Portal Legislativ, Ministerul Justiției · consolidated to 2026-03-06
Known to be out of date. The capture carries amendment notes through Ordinance 1 of 28 January 2025 and was taken on 6 March 2026. Anything that changed between that capture and today is not reflected, and cannot be checked while the publisher answers nothing.
About this source
The Ministry of Justice's legislative portal at legislatie.just.ro, and the publisher of record for consolidated Romanian law. Every act has a document id and is addressed as /Public/DetaliiDocument/<id>; the page carries the republication history, the full consolidation history as a list of dates, the amendment annotations inline in the article text, and a Fişă act panel listing what the act changed and what changed it. Romanian statutes are republished rather than re-enacted, so the page states which republication the text is - Law 21/1991 is Republication 2, from Monitorul Oficial no. 576 of 13 August 2010 - and the consolidation list runs forward from there.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: **It could not be reached at all.** From this infrastructure a direct request completes the TLS handshake and the server then closes the connection with no reply, over HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 alike, with browser headers and without, at several TLS versions; Firecrawl answers 500; a browser-based fetch hangs up. Every reading attributed to this publisher here was taken from an Internet Archive capture of its page, and the citation url is the archive address rather than the publisher's. That is not a substitute: the archive's captures are inconsistent in a way the publisher's own pages presumably are not. The captures of Law 21/1991 and Law 95/2006 carry the whole text; every capture of Government Decision 1,391/2006 is a thirteen-kilobyte shell with the consolidation history and no article text at all, which is why Romania's driving licence topic is unanswered. The consolidations are also not official in their own right: the legal force is in the Monitorul Oficial issue, and the consolidation engine behind this portal is the same CTCE company whose disclaimer appears on the files the immigration authority publishes. A reading from an archive capture carries two dates that must not be confused - the capture date, which is when we read it, and the consolidation date at the head of the history list, which is what the text is current to.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
- administersPreschimbarea permisului de conducere străin cu document similar românesc, Direcția Generală Permise de Conducere și Înmatriculări
Direcția Generală Permise de Conducere și Înmatriculări, Ministerul Afacerilor Interne
About this source
The authority that issues Romanian driving licences and the international driving permit, and the one that decides whether a foreign licence can be exchanged. Its 'Documente și formulare' pages state, operation by operation, what a person must bring, and the page on exchanging a foreign licence goes further than any instrument does: it names the Order that governs the regime, states the residence condition, lists the categories of document that cannot be exchanged at all, and then sets out what the holder of a licence from the United Kingdom, Israel, South Africa, China, the United States, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Moldova or Switzerland must additionally produce, each traced to a communication from that state's embassy. A 'Baza legală' page lists the instruments it works from with links to each.
Standing: Applies the rule
Cannot be cited for: Administrative guidance, not law. It describes what the authority requires at the counter and can be changed without an instrument changing; where it and an instrument differ, the instrument governs and this says so by citing one. The site is an Angular application that serves a shell to a fetcher and renders only in a browser, and nothing in it is addressable except through the application's own routes - the documents are reached by clicking, and a route is not a citation of an article. It carries no text of any Act or Order: the links on 'Baza legală' all point at legislatie.just.ro, which does not answer this project at all. The former address drpciv.ro now redirects here.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source