Six Months Makes You Resident, and the Wealth Tax Arrives as Income
Answer
The general rule applies to you
No exception is recorded for citizens of Austria on this topic. That is the answer, not a gap - everything below is the rule you get, unchanged.
195 exceptions recorded across 74 countries · none match Austria to Liechtenstein · When you become a tax resident
A natural person is taxable in Liechtenstein on their whole wealth and whole earnings if they have their domicile or habitual abode in the country. Domicile is where a person stays with the intention of remaining; habitual abode is where they stay other than temporarily, and the Act fixes it: a continuous stay of more than six months always counts as habitual abode, and counts from the beginning, with short interruptions disregarded. Attending an educational institution, being in a care or health establishment, and a cure or holiday stay of up to twelve months create neither. The structure of the tax is unusual. There is no separate wealth tax bill: wealth is converted into a deemed return - fixed in the Act at 4 per cent - and taxed as earnings. The national tariff runs from zero below a basic allowance to 8 per cent, and every municipality adds a surcharge set each year by its council, which may not be below 150 or above 250 per cent of the national tax. And the Act offers taxation on expenditure to a newcomer without Liechtenstein citizenship who does no gainful work here and lives on their wealth or on income from abroad.
At a glance
- Test for unlimited liability
- Domicile or habitual abode in Liechtenstein
SteG article 6(1)(a). Diplomats exempt abroad because of a Liechtenstein employment relationship are also unlimitedly liable under letter b.
- What fixes habitual abode
- A continuous stay of more than six months, always and from the beginning, with short interruptions disregarded
SteG article 2(1)(c).
- Stays that create neither domicile nor habitual abode
- Attending an educational institution, being in an educational, care or health establishment, and a cure or holiday stay of up to twelve months
SteG article 2(1)(c), second sentence.
- When liability starts and ends
- On the day domicile or habitual abode is taken up; it ends on death or on departure abroad
SteG article 7(1)(a) and (2)(a).
- Deemed return on wealth
- 4%
SteG article 5(1). Wealth is not taxed separately: the deemed return is added to earnings and taxed under the earnings tariff. The government takes a position on the rate’s appropriateness every four years.
- Top national rate
- 8% on taxable earnings above CHF 211,400 for a single taxpayer
SteG article 19(1)(a). The thresholds differ for single parents and for jointly assessed spouses.
- Tax-free allowance
- CHF 15,855 for a single taxpayer, CHF 23,783 for a single parent, CHF 31,710 for jointly assessed spouses
SteG article 19(1)(a), (b) and (c).
- Municipal surcharge
- Set each year by the municipal council as a percentage of the national tax, not below 150% and not above 250%
SteG article 75(3).
- Highest combined marginal rate
- Between 20% and 28%, depending on the municipalityCALC (calculated by us, not published)
Our arithmetic: the 8% top national rate of SteG article 19(1)(a) plus a surcharge of 150% to 250% of that tax under article 75(3). No instrument publishes a combined rate.
- Taxation on expenditure - who may elect it
- A person taking up residence for the first time or after at least ten years away, without Liechtenstein citizenship, doing no gainful work in Liechtenstein and living on their wealth or on receipts from abroad
SteG article 30(1).
- Taxation on expenditure - minimum base
- None stated in article 32 of the Steuergesetz or in the Steuerverordnung
Article 32 says only that the assessment follows the taxpayer’s total expenditure. Switzerland, whose record is in this corpus, sets a federal floor of 435,000 francs in article 14 of its Direct Federal Tax Act; Liechtenstein states no equivalent figure in either text we read.
- Real property under the expenditure regime
- Still subject to the wealth tax
SteG article 30(3), which also disapplies the exemptions of articles 10 and 11.
Figures marked CALC are our arithmetic, not a figure in any instrument. Where the law states a threshold as a multiple of something else, the amount shown is that multiple applied - and it moves when the underlying figure does.
Requirements
- Domicile - a place where the person stays with the intention of remaining permanently - or habitual abode in Liechtenstein, for unlimited liability on worldwide wealth and earnings
- A continuous stay of more than six months, which always counts as habitual abode and counts from the start
- For taxation on expenditure: first-ever residence or residence after at least ten years away, no Liechtenstein citizenship, no gainful activity in Liechtenstein, and living on the return of one’s wealth or on other receipts from abroad
In detail
Six months, counted once and backdated
The six-month rule is not a day count across a tax year. It attaches to a single continuous stay, it is satisfied the moment that stay passes six months, and it then treats the stay as habitual abode from its first day. Short interruptions do not break it. That makes it harsher in one direction than a 183-day rule and more forgiving in another: a person who comes and goes in short stints may never trigger it, and a person who stays seven months straight is resident for all seven.
Taxation on expenditure, with the figure missing
Liechtenstein offers the same bargain Switzerland is known for, in almost the same words, to a newcomer with no Liechtenstein citizenship and no work here. What it does not do is publish a floor. Switzerland’s Direct Federal Tax Act sets a minimum base of 435,000 francs; article 32 of the Liechtenstein Steuergesetz says the assessment follows the taxpayer’s total expenditure and stops there, and the Steuerverordnung adds nothing. Whatever minimum exists in practice is a matter between the applicant and the Tax Administration, which decides each application under article 31.
Country-level policy
Everything quoted in Liechtenstein’s records comes from Lilex, the consolidated law database of the government’s legal service at gesetze.li. Lilex says what it is: the consolidated provisions serve information only and have no legal effect. The authoritative text is elsewhere, and the Publication Act says exactly where - only the version of a provision published in the Landesgesetzblatt and electronically signed is massgebend, and for treaties and decisions of international organisations it is the texts designated authentic in them. That is a third answer to a question this corpus has now asked of three neighbours: Switzerland’s consolidations are themselves authoritative, Iceland’s gazette prevails over its code, and Liechtenstein separates the two the way Iceland does while publishing both at the same address.
What applies to you
Nothing changes for a citizen of Austria
We have no rule recorded that treats your citizenship differently here, so the general rule above is the one that applies to you. That is an answer, not a gap.
What the law says
«Natürliche Personen sind mit ihrem gesamten Vermögen und gesamten Erwerb unbeschränkt steuerpflichtig, wenn sie: a) Wohnsitz oder gewöhnlichen Aufenthalt im Inland haben; oder b) Wohnsitz oder gewöhnlichen Aufenthalt im Ausland haben und dort mit Rücksicht auf ein Arbeitsverhältnis zum Land aufgrund eines Vertrages oder völkerrechtlicher Übung von den Steuern befreit sind (Diplomaten). 2) Natürliche Personen, die weder Wohnsitz noch gewöhnlichen Aufenthalt im Inland haben, sind mit ihrem inländischen Vermögen und ihrem inländischen Erwerb beschränkt steuerpflichtig.»Our translation - not official
Natural persons are unlimitedly liable to tax on their entire wealth and entire earnings where they: a) have their domicile or habitual abode in the country; or b) have their domicile or habitual abode abroad and are exempt from taxes there by reason of an employment relationship with the country under a treaty or international practice (diplomats). 2) Natural persons who have neither domicile nor habitual abode in the country are limitedly liable to tax on their domestic wealth and domestic earnings.
About this source
The Rechtsdienst der Regierung's consolidated law database for Liechtenstein, covering national law and treaty law (Staatsvertragsrecht) under LR numbers, and reached at gesetze.li. It is tagesaktuell by its own account - 'Hier finden Sie tagesaktuell das geltende Landes- und Staatsvertragsrecht in konsolidierter (bereinigter) Form' - and it carries the EEA Agreement and its annexes as Liechtenstein treaty law, which is how the sectoral adaptations limiting free movement can be read here at all. The quotable text is at /konso/html/<LGBlId>, where LGBlId is the year plus the three-digit LGBl number plus 000: /konso/<LGBlId> alone is a shell with an iframe. Search works only with the whole parameter set, /konso/suche?search_text=&search_loc=text&lrnr=<LR>&lgblid_von=&observe_date=DD.MM.YYYY; omitting any one of them returns the help page with no results.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: It is informative only and must never be cited as the authentic text. Its own Rechtshinweis says 'Konsolidierte Rechtsvorschriften dienen ausschliesslich der Information und entfalten keine Rechtswirkung', and article 7(1) of the Kundmachungsgesetz says only the signed electronic version published in the Landesgesetzblatt is massgebend. For a treaty it is the texts designated authentic in the treaty that govern, under article 7(2). It also cannot be cited for Swiss law applied in Liechtenstein: it lists which Swiss instruments apply but publishes none of their text, which lives on fedlex.admin.ch. Fetch it with Firecrawl rather than the direct route: the direct extractor does not decode named HTML entities and stores 'ü' as the five characters of its entity.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«"Wohnsitz": der Ort, an dem eine Person sich mit der Absicht dauernden Verbleibens aufhält; c) "gewöhnlicher Aufenthalt": der Ort oder das Gebiet, an dem eine Person nicht nur vorübergehend verweilt. Als gewöhnlicher Aufenthalt ist stets und von Beginn an ein zeitlich zusammenhängender Aufenthalt von mehr als sechs Monaten Dauer anzusehen; kurzfristige Unterbrechungen bleiben unberücksichtigt. Der Aufenthalt zum Zwecke des Besuches einer Lehranstalt und die Unterbringung in einer Erziehungs-, Versorgungs- oder Heilanstalt sowie der Kur- und Ferienaufenthalt bis zu zwölf Monaten begründen keinen gewöhnlichen Aufenthalt und keinen Wohnsitz;»Our translation - not official
"domicile": the place where a person stays with the intention of remaining permanently; "habitual abode": the place or area where a person stays other than temporarily. A continuous stay of more than six months is always to be regarded as habitual abode, and from the beginning; short interruptions are disregarded. A stay for the purpose of attending an educational institution and accommodation in an educational, care or health establishment, and a cure or holiday stay of up to twelve months, create neither habitual abode nor domicile;
The six-month rule is not a counting rule across a year: it is a single continuous stay, and once it passes six months it is treated as having been habitual abode from the first day.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The Rechtsdienst der Regierung's consolidated law database for Liechtenstein, covering national law and treaty law (Staatsvertragsrecht) under LR numbers, and reached at gesetze.li. It is tagesaktuell by its own account - 'Hier finden Sie tagesaktuell das geltende Landes- und Staatsvertragsrecht in konsolidierter (bereinigter) Form' - and it carries the EEA Agreement and its annexes as Liechtenstein treaty law, which is how the sectoral adaptations limiting free movement can be read here at all. The quotable text is at /konso/html/<LGBlId>, where LGBlId is the year plus the three-digit LGBl number plus 000: /konso/<LGBlId> alone is a shell with an iframe. Search works only with the whole parameter set, /konso/suche?search_text=&search_loc=text&lrnr=<LR>&lgblid_von=&observe_date=DD.MM.YYYY; omitting any one of them returns the help page with no results.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: It is informative only and must never be cited as the authentic text. Its own Rechtshinweis says 'Konsolidierte Rechtsvorschriften dienen ausschliesslich der Information und entfalten keine Rechtswirkung', and article 7(1) of the Kundmachungsgesetz says only the signed electronic version published in the Landesgesetzblatt is massgebend. For a treaty it is the texts designated authentic in the treaty that govern, under article 7(2). It also cannot be cited for Swiss law applied in Liechtenstein: it lists which Swiss instruments apply but publishes none of their text, which lives on fedlex.admin.ch. Fetch it with Firecrawl rather than the direct route: the direct extractor does not decode named HTML entities and stores 'ü' as the five characters of its entity.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«Die Höhe des Zinssatzes zur Ermittlung des standardisierten Vermögensertrages (Sollertrag) beträgt 4 %. 2) Die Regierung nimmt alle vier Jahre zur Angemessenheit der Höhe des Sollertrags nach Abs. 1 Stellung.»Our translation - not official
The rate of interest for determining the standardised return on wealth (deemed return) is 4 %. 2) The government takes a position every four years on the appropriateness of the level of the deemed return under paragraph 1.
This is what replaces a wealth tax rate. The deemed return is taxed as earnings, so the wealth tax is paid inside the income tax.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The Rechtsdienst der Regierung's consolidated law database for Liechtenstein, covering national law and treaty law (Staatsvertragsrecht) under LR numbers, and reached at gesetze.li. It is tagesaktuell by its own account - 'Hier finden Sie tagesaktuell das geltende Landes- und Staatsvertragsrecht in konsolidierter (bereinigter) Form' - and it carries the EEA Agreement and its annexes as Liechtenstein treaty law, which is how the sectoral adaptations limiting free movement can be read here at all. The quotable text is at /konso/html/<LGBlId>, where LGBlId is the year plus the three-digit LGBl number plus 000: /konso/<LGBlId> alone is a shell with an iframe. Search works only with the whole parameter set, /konso/suche?search_text=&search_loc=text&lrnr=<LR>&lgblid_von=&observe_date=DD.MM.YYYY; omitting any one of them returns the help page with no results.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: It is informative only and must never be cited as the authentic text. Its own Rechtshinweis says 'Konsolidierte Rechtsvorschriften dienen ausschliesslich der Information und entfalten keine Rechtswirkung', and article 7(1) of the Kundmachungsgesetz says only the signed electronic version published in the Landesgesetzblatt is massgebend. For a treaty it is the texts designated authentic in the treaty that govern, under article 7(2). It also cannot be cited for Swiss law applied in Liechtenstein: it lists which Swiss instruments apply but publishes none of their text, which lives on fedlex.admin.ch. Fetch it with Firecrawl rather than the direct route: the direct extractor does not decode named HTML entities and stores 'ü' as the five characters of its entity.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«Der Ansatz dieses Zuschlages wird jedes Jahr in Prozenten der Landessteuer vom Gemeinderat festgesetzt, darf aber 150 % nicht unterschreiten und 250 % nicht übersteigen. 4) Der Zuschlag wird zusammen mit der Landessteuer erhoben.»Our translation - not official
The rate of this surcharge is fixed each year by the municipal council as a percentage of the national tax, but may not fall below 150 % and may not exceed 250 %. 4) The surcharge is levied together with the national tax.
The surcharge is a multiple of the national tax, not a rate on income. A 250 % surcharge more than triples the national bill.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The Rechtsdienst der Regierung's consolidated law database for Liechtenstein, covering national law and treaty law (Staatsvertragsrecht) under LR numbers, and reached at gesetze.li. It is tagesaktuell by its own account - 'Hier finden Sie tagesaktuell das geltende Landes- und Staatsvertragsrecht in konsolidierter (bereinigter) Form' - and it carries the EEA Agreement and its annexes as Liechtenstein treaty law, which is how the sectoral adaptations limiting free movement can be read here at all. The quotable text is at /konso/html/<LGBlId>, where LGBlId is the year plus the three-digit LGBl number plus 000: /konso/<LGBlId> alone is a shell with an iframe. Search works only with the whole parameter set, /konso/suche?search_text=&search_loc=text&lrnr=<LR>&lgblid_von=&observe_date=DD.MM.YYYY; omitting any one of them returns the help page with no results.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: It is informative only and must never be cited as the authentic text. Its own Rechtshinweis says 'Konsolidierte Rechtsvorschriften dienen ausschliesslich der Information und entfalten keine Rechtswirkung', and article 7(1) of the Kundmachungsgesetz says only the signed electronic version published in the Landesgesetzblatt is massgebend. For a treaty it is the texts designated authentic in the treaty that govern, under article 7(2). It also cannot be cited for Swiss law applied in Liechtenstein: it lists which Swiss instruments apply but publishes none of their text, which lives on fedlex.admin.ch. Fetch it with Firecrawl rather than the direct route: the direct extractor does not decode named HTML entities and stores 'ü' as the five characters of its entity.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«Bei Personen, die erstmals oder nach mindestens zehnjähriger Landesabwesenheit ihren Wohnsitz oder gewöhnlichen Aufenthalt im Inland nehmen, nicht die liechtensteinische Staatsangehörigkeit besitzen, keine Erwerbstätigkeit im Inland ausüben und vom Ertrag ihres Vermögens oder anderen ihnen aus dem Ausland zufliessenden Bezügen leben, kann auf Antrag anstelle der Vermögens- und Erwerbssteuer eine Steuer nach dem Aufwand erhoben werden. 2) Der Antrag nach Abs. 1 ist bei der Steuerverwaltung einzureichen. Der Antrag hat detaillierte Angaben über den Aufwand zu enthalten. 3) Im Inland liegendes Grundeigentum untersteht der Vermögenssteuer. Art. 10 und 11 finden keine Anwendung. 4) Die Regierung regelt das Nähere mit Verordnung.»Our translation - not official
In the case of persons who take up domicile or habitual abode in the country for the first time or after at least ten years of absence from the country, do not hold Liechtenstein citizenship, pursue no gainful activity in the country and live on the return of their wealth or on other receipts accruing to them from abroad, a tax on expenditure may be levied on application instead of the wealth and earnings tax. 2) The application under paragraph 1 is to be submitted to the Tax Administration. The application must contain detailed information on the expenditure. 3) Real property situated in the country is subject to the wealth tax. Articles 10 and 11 do not apply. 4) The government regulates the details by ordinance.
Four cumulative conditions, and the third is the one that decides most cases: no gainful activity in Liechtenstein at all.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The Rechtsdienst der Regierung's consolidated law database for Liechtenstein, covering national law and treaty law (Staatsvertragsrecht) under LR numbers, and reached at gesetze.li. It is tagesaktuell by its own account - 'Hier finden Sie tagesaktuell das geltende Landes- und Staatsvertragsrecht in konsolidierter (bereinigter) Form' - and it carries the EEA Agreement and its annexes as Liechtenstein treaty law, which is how the sectoral adaptations limiting free movement can be read here at all. The quotable text is at /konso/html/<LGBlId>, where LGBlId is the year plus the three-digit LGBl number plus 000: /konso/<LGBlId> alone is a shell with an iframe. Search works only with the whole parameter set, /konso/suche?search_text=&search_loc=text&lrnr=<LR>&lgblid_von=&observe_date=DD.MM.YYYY; omitting any one of them returns the help page with no results.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: It is informative only and must never be cited as the authentic text. Its own Rechtshinweis says 'Konsolidierte Rechtsvorschriften dienen ausschliesslich der Information und entfalten keine Rechtswirkung', and article 7(1) of the Kundmachungsgesetz says only the signed electronic version published in the Landesgesetzblatt is massgebend. For a treaty it is the texts designated authentic in the treaty that govern, under article 7(2). It also cannot be cited for Swiss law applied in Liechtenstein: it lists which Swiss instruments apply but publishes none of their text, which lives on fedlex.admin.ch. Fetch it with Firecrawl rather than the direct route: the direct extractor does not decode named HTML entities and stores 'ü' as the five characters of its entity.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
«Die Bemessung der Besteuerung nach dem Aufwand richtet sich nach dem gesamten Aufwand des Steuerpflichtigen.»Our translation - not official
The assessment of taxation on expenditure is governed by the taxpayer’s total expenditure.
The whole of the assessment rule. No multiplier of rent, no floor, no minimum - one sentence.
Read it at the sourceAbout this source
The Rechtsdienst der Regierung's consolidated law database for Liechtenstein, covering national law and treaty law (Staatsvertragsrecht) under LR numbers, and reached at gesetze.li. It is tagesaktuell by its own account - 'Hier finden Sie tagesaktuell das geltende Landes- und Staatsvertragsrecht in konsolidierter (bereinigter) Form' - and it carries the EEA Agreement and its annexes as Liechtenstein treaty law, which is how the sectoral adaptations limiting free movement can be read here at all. The quotable text is at /konso/html/<LGBlId>, where LGBlId is the year plus the three-digit LGBl number plus 000: /konso/<LGBlId> alone is a shell with an iframe. Search works only with the whole parameter set, /konso/suche?search_text=&search_loc=text&lrnr=<LR>&lgblid_von=&observe_date=DD.MM.YYYY; omitting any one of them returns the help page with no results.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: It is informative only and must never be cited as the authentic text. Its own Rechtshinweis says 'Konsolidierte Rechtsvorschriften dienen ausschliesslich der Information und entfalten keine Rechtswirkung', and article 7(1) of the Kundmachungsgesetz says only the signed electronic version published in the Landesgesetzblatt is massgebend. For a treaty it is the texts designated authentic in the treaty that govern, under article 7(2). It also cannot be cited for Swiss law applied in Liechtenstein: it lists which Swiss instruments apply but publishes none of their text, which lives on fedlex.admin.ch. Fetch it with Firecrawl rather than the direct route: the direct extractor does not decode named HTML entities and stores 'ü' as the five characters of its entity.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
Practical notes
We read article 30 to 32 of the Steuergesetz and searched the Steuerverordnung for every mention of "Aufwand". Neither states a minimum base for taxation on expenditure.
The comparison with Switzerland is taken from the Switzerland record in this corpus, which quotes article 14 of the Bundesgesetz über die direkte Bundessteuer.
This record covers the wealth and earnings tax on individuals. It does not cover the Ertragssteuer on legal persons, the Grundstücksgewinnsteuer, value added tax, or any double taxation agreement.
- consolidatesSteuergesetz (SteG), LGBl. 2010 Nr. 340
Lilex - Gesetzesdatenbank des Fürstentums Liechtenstein · consolidated to 2026-07-01
About this source
The Rechtsdienst der Regierung's consolidated law database for Liechtenstein, covering national law and treaty law (Staatsvertragsrecht) under LR numbers, and reached at gesetze.li. It is tagesaktuell by its own account - 'Hier finden Sie tagesaktuell das geltende Landes- und Staatsvertragsrecht in konsolidierter (bereinigter) Form' - and it carries the EEA Agreement and its annexes as Liechtenstein treaty law, which is how the sectoral adaptations limiting free movement can be read here at all. The quotable text is at /konso/html/<LGBlId>, where LGBlId is the year plus the three-digit LGBl number plus 000: /konso/<LGBlId> alone is a shell with an iframe. Search works only with the whole parameter set, /konso/suche?search_text=&search_loc=text&lrnr=<LR>&lgblid_von=&observe_date=DD.MM.YYYY; omitting any one of them returns the help page with no results.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: It is informative only and must never be cited as the authentic text. Its own Rechtshinweis says 'Konsolidierte Rechtsvorschriften dienen ausschliesslich der Information und entfalten keine Rechtswirkung', and article 7(1) of the Kundmachungsgesetz says only the signed electronic version published in the Landesgesetzblatt is massgebend. For a treaty it is the texts designated authentic in the treaty that govern, under article 7(2). It also cannot be cited for Swiss law applied in Liechtenstein: it lists which Swiss instruments apply but publishes none of their text, which lives on fedlex.admin.ch. Fetch it with Firecrawl rather than the direct route: the direct extractor does not decode named HTML entities and stores 'ü' as the five characters of its entity.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source
- consolidatesSteuerverordnung (SteV), LGBl. 2010 Nr. 437
Lilex - Gesetzesdatenbank des Fürstentums Liechtenstein · consolidated to 2026-01-01
About this source
The Rechtsdienst der Regierung's consolidated law database for Liechtenstein, covering national law and treaty law (Staatsvertragsrecht) under LR numbers, and reached at gesetze.li. It is tagesaktuell by its own account - 'Hier finden Sie tagesaktuell das geltende Landes- und Staatsvertragsrecht in konsolidierter (bereinigter) Form' - and it carries the EEA Agreement and its annexes as Liechtenstein treaty law, which is how the sectoral adaptations limiting free movement can be read here at all. The quotable text is at /konso/html/<LGBlId>, where LGBlId is the year plus the three-digit LGBl number plus 000: /konso/<LGBlId> alone is a shell with an iframe. Search works only with the whole parameter set, /konso/suche?search_text=&search_loc=text&lrnr=<LR>&lgblid_von=&observe_date=DD.MM.YYYY; omitting any one of them returns the help page with no results.
Standing: Maintains the text in force
Cannot be cited for: It is informative only and must never be cited as the authentic text. Its own Rechtshinweis says 'Konsolidierte Rechtsvorschriften dienen ausschliesslich der Information und entfalten keine Rechtswirkung', and article 7(1) of the Kundmachungsgesetz says only the signed electronic version published in the Landesgesetzblatt is massgebend. For a treaty it is the texts designated authentic in the treaty that govern, under article 7(2). It also cannot be cited for Swiss law applied in Liechtenstein: it lists which Swiss instruments apply but publishes none of their text, which lives on fedlex.admin.ch. Fetch it with Firecrawl rather than the direct route: the direct extractor does not decode named HTML entities and stores 'ü' as the five characters of its entity.
We re-read it every 90 days. More about this source